23 - The Bi'r Al-Mauna Disaster
A short time after the Raj’i incident (4 Safar/July 625), chief of the Amir ibn Sa'sa' tribe Abu Bara' Amir ibn Malik came to Madina and obtained information about Islam from Prophet Muhammad. Despite not being Muslim himself, he requested that the Prophet send representatives to his tribe to teach them about Islam. After receiving assurances of their safety, the Prophet assigned a group of sevent...

24 - The Banu Nadir Campaign
The Banu Nadir, one of the three Jewish tribes in Madina and living in fortresses half-a-day’s distance from the city, possessed vast date gardens and were mostly occupied with agriculture. They had established a position of superiority in relation to the other Jewish tribes. For this reason, in cases of bloodshed, if someone was killed from the Banu Nadir, full blood money was paid, while only ha...

25 - The Banu Mustaliq Campaign
The Banu Mustaliq, a clan of the Banu Khuda'a, lived in the Qudayd region located on the coast between Makka and Madina, in a place called Usfan, near the important commercial port of Rabigh. While the Khuda'a tribe, generally speaking, adopted a positive stance towards Islam and Prophet Muhammad, the Banu Mustaliq clan sided with the Quraysh, who were at war with the Muslims, and demonstrated the...

26 - The Ifq Incident
When Prophet Muhammad left Madina for the Banu Mustaliq Campaign, he took his wife ‘A’isha with him. On the return to Madina, during preparations to resume the journey after having stopped at a resting place, ‘A’isha – who had moved away from the base so as to fulfill a natural need – noticed that she had dropped the Yemeni agate necklace that her older sister or mother had given to her and retrac...

27 - The Battle of the Trench
The last Qurayshi offensive on Madina, the Battle of the Trench, is known as thus due to the fact that trenches were dug around Madina in defense of the city. As the enemy forces in this campaign, apart from the Quraysh, were made up of various Arab tribes such as the Ghatafan, Fazara, Sulaym, Kinana and the Thaqif tribes, as well as the Banu Nadir who had been expelled from Madina and the Banu Qu...

28 - The Banu Qurayza Campaign
The Banu Qurayza lived in fortresses called utum, in plains stretching to Madina’s southeast. Making their living through agriculture and trade, the tribe was also related to the Banu Nadir. Together with the Banu Nadir, the Banu Qurayza were allies of the Aws tribe and became party to the Madina Constitution as allies of the Aws.

After the Banu Qaynuqa and the Banu Nadir’s banishment from the cit...

29 - The Treaty of Hudaybiya
Prophet Muhammad and the Emigrants greatly missed the homeland which they were forced to leave five years prior in order to protect their religion and their lives, and they fervently desired to visit the Ka’ba – emphasized in various Qur’anic verses as the sancutary on Earth of the Divine religion based on monotheism. When Prophet Muhammad eventually saw a dream in which he was circumambulating th...

30 - Letters of Invitation to Islam
Immediately after his return from Hudabiya, Prophet Muhammad had the six letters of invitation to Islam that he had dictated to his scribes sent with emissaries to the prominent heads of state of the time (Muharram/May 628). He exerted special effort to ensure that the emissaries were well acquainted with the particular region and the people to which they were sent, possessed pleasant physical and...

31 - The Conquest of Khaybar
Khaybar, located in the vast valley which stretched from 180 kilometers to Madina’s north and on the road between Madina and Syria, was an important center of trade and agriculture populated by Jews. After the Treaty of Hudabiya, Prophet Muhammad began to take into account the threat that Khaybar posed for the Muslims. This was because the Banu Nadir Jews who settled in Khaybar after having been e...

32 - The Battle of Mu'ta
Mu’ta is located to the south of Lake Galilee, 50 kilometers from the city of Jerusalem. At the beginning of the eighth year after the Emigration (629 AD), Prophet Muhammad sent Harith ibn 'Umayr with a letter of invitation to Islam to the provincial governor of Busra, under the Byzantine Empire. As the Prophet’s envoy passed through the lands of the Ghassanid Christian King, Shurahbil ibn ‘Amr, h...

33 - The Conquest of Makka
With the Treaty of Hudabiya, the blood feud continuing between the Banu Bakr ibn ‘Abd Manat and the Banu Khuda'a since the Age of Ignorance was abolished. The Banu Bakr had allied with the Quraysh and the Banu Khuda'a with Prophet Muhammad. However, supported by the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr carried out an attack by night on the Banu Khuda'a and killed several tribal members alongside tribal chief Ka...

34 - The Battle of Hunayn
After the conquest of Makka, one of the tribal communities that consumed Prophet Muhammad’s attention was the Hawazin. Divided into many sub-clans, the Hawazin resided in the regions between Makka and Najid and in the south stretching all the way to Yemen. Constituting a significant clan of the tribe, the Thaqif were located in Ta’if. The enmity between the Hawazin and the Quraysh, due in large pa...